2. A fully on-line method of solving linear systems of algebraic equations

2.1. The original E-method

Creating a shift-and-add method of solving linear systems of algebraic equations inevitably requires the use of a redundant number system. There exists only one such method described in literature: the well-known evaluation E-method proposed by M.D.Ercegovac [5] , [6] . So it is natural that we should try to analyze the E-method and to make an effort to develop it a step forward if possible.

The E-method is based on an iterative digit-by-digit algorithm of solving a system of linear algebraic equations:

    (1) .

The elements of the solution vectorare generated in an on-line manner but a full-precision representation of the elements of the coefficient matrixand the elements of the right-hand side vectoris needed in order to initiate the computations.

We are interested in deriving the recurrence equations mainly. As stated by Ercegovac "the on-line arithmetic realizes by definition a variable-precision arithmetic with a built-in significance indication" [7]. Keeping this in mind we could afford not to specify the precision of the operands and the results of an on-line algorithm.

If n is the order of the system (1) then we can define the coefficient matrix

and the right-hand side vector

.

It is necessary to define some additional values related to the solution vector

as follows:

is the j digit representation of the i-th component of the solution vector with all the digits belonging to the redundant digit set {-1, 0, 1 };

is the j digit representation of the solution vector;

is the vector of the j-th most significant digits of the solution components , i = 1, 2, ... , n.

From these definitions it follows immediately that

(2) .

Next we introduce the residual vectors:

.

We define

(3) .

    Suppose we have found a selection rule:

(4)

such that if ,then . In this case we shall receive and will be the solution vector of the system (1). From (2) and (3) we can derive recurrence equation for the residual vectors :

(5) ;

; , j = 0, 1, 2, ...

Now we introduce the scaled residual vectors after M.D.Ercegovac:

(6) .

From (5) and (6) we obtain

(7) ;, j = 0, 1, 2, ...

    If the selection rule exists then another selection rule can be found

(8)

Now it is easy to observe that the algorithm consists of n scalar recursions performed at each iteration step in parallel and described by (7), and n simultaneously performed selection procedures interleaved with the recursions and defined by (8). The recursions are based on simple operators: one digit left shift and a carry-save addition of operands. In fact the selection of the result digits is done by rounding a truncated version of the scaled residuals containing only a few of their most significant digits. The convergence of the E-method was proved by Ercegovac in his Ph.D. Dissertation. It is important to note that the diagonal elements of the matrix should prevail strongly in absolute value over its other elements.